Tesis

Gangguan perkembangan koordinasi: skrining dan dampak terhadap status gizi, perilaku, dan prestasi akademis pada anak usia sekolah = Developmental coordination disorder, screening and Its impact on nutritional status, behavioral difficulties, and academic achievement at school-age children

Latar belakang. Gangguan perkembangan koordinasi (GPK) berdampak pada tumbuh kembang anak, dan saat ini belum ada penelitiannya di Indonesia. Tujuan. Mencari prevalens GPK, tersangka GPK, faktor risiko, serta dampak GPK terhadap tumbuh kembang anak usia sekolah. Metode. Potong lintang, deskriptif analitik di 4 sekolah dasar: SD Tiara Kasih, SDN 03 Menteng, SDN 01 Menteng di Jakarta dan SD Bina Pratama di Tangerang, pada Nopember 2015 - Nopember 2016. Menggunakan modifikasi terjemahan DCDQ untuk mencari prevalens, dan analisis statistik untuk menilai faktor risiko GPK. Potong lintang perbandingan untuk meneliti dampak GPK terhadap status gizi (dengan IMT), perilaku (menggunakan SDQ bahasa Indonesia), dan prestasi akademik (nilai rapor sekolah). Didapat 27 anak GPK, terjaring dari tersangka GPK, dan dilakukan pemeriksaan BOTMP serta dipasangkan berdasarkan jenis kelamin, umur, dan tingkat kelas dengan 54 kontrol. Hasil. Dari 861 subyek terdapat 104 (12% [IK95% 9,92-14,28]% ) anak tersangka GPK, dan 27 (3,14% [Ik 95% 1,98-4,30]%) anak GPK. Faktor risiko tersangka GPK adalah riwayat keluarga GPK dan keterlambatan perkembangan. Faktor risiko GPK adalah riwayat keluarga GPK. Anak GPK mempunyai kemungkinan peningkatan risiko untuk menjadi obesitas (OR 8,31 IK 95% 2,54-18,54), gangguan perilaku (OR 13,43 IK 95% 3,85–49,53), prestasi akademik lebih rendah (OR 39,88 IK 95% 6,30–253,46) dibandingkan kontrol. Kesimpulan. Prevalens tersangka GPK cukup tinggi dan GPK mempunyai dampak terhadap obesitas, gangguan perilaku, dan prestasi akademik yang rendah pada anak usia sekolah.
Kata kunci: gangguan perkembangan koordinasi, obesitas, gangguan perilaku, prestasi akademik



Background. Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is highly correlated to child's growth and development, however there’s no DCD data available in Indonesia. Objective. To explore the prevalence and the risk factor of DCD at school-age children and its impact on their growth and development. Methods. Cross-sectional descriptive analytic study, data were available from three elementary schools located in Jakarta: Tiara Kasih, 03 Menteng, 01 Menteng and one elementary school located in Tangerang: Bina Pratama. The Study was conducted between November 2015 and November 2016, to calculate the prevalence of probable DCD by using modified DCDQ (Indonesian version). Cross-sectional comparative study was also performed to explore the association between DCD and other factors: nutritional status (using IMT), behavior difficulties, and academic achievement at school-age children. Behavior difficulties and academic achievement were assessed using SDQ (Indonesian version) and teacher reports respectively. Twenty-seven children with confirmed DCD were retrieved from probable cases using BOTMP measurement. The confirmed DCD were paired with 54 controls based on gender, age and school grade. Results. There were 104 probable DCD found from 861 children (12% [95%CI 9,92-14,28]%), whereas only 27 confirmed cases were found (3,14% [95%CI 1,98-4,3]%). The risk factors for probable DCD were delayed development and history of DCD in family, while for confirmed case only history of DCD in family. Children with confirmed DCD had significant increased risk for obesity (OR 8,31 [95%CI 2,54-18,54]), behavior difficulties (OR 13,43 [95%CI 3,8549,53]), and poorer scores on academic achievement (OR 39,88 [95%CI 6,30253,46]) if compared to normal children. Conclusion. The prevalence of DCD is quite high in school-age children, and it has impact on their nutritional status, behavior difficulties, and academic achievement.
Keywords: developmental coordination disorder, prevalence, obesity, behavior difficulties, school achievement.