Skripsi

Bioactivity Testing of Ethanol and Water Extracts of Neem Leaves as Candidate Antifungal Agents Against Malassezia globosa = Uji Bioaktivitas Ekstrak Etanol dan Air Daun Neem sebagai Kandidat Agen Antijamur Melawan Malassezia globosa.

Background Malassezia globosa is a key factor in skin disorders like dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis, affecting a large portion of the global population. Conventional antifungal treatments, such as ketoconazole, are increasingly ineffective due to rising resistance and adverse side effects from prolonged use. This study examines the antifungal potential of Neem leaf extracts (Azadirachta indica) using ethanol and water as solvents. The goal is to assess the effectiveness of these extracts in inhibiting Malassezia globosa. Method This study employs an experimental research design with both control and experimental groups. Neem leaves are extracted using maceration with ethanol and sonication with water. The extracts are then tested for antifungal activity using a broth microdilution method in a 96-well plate format, with ketoconazole as the positive control. Various concentrations of Neem extracts (200-450 ppm) are assessed for their inhibitory effects on fungal growth in vitro, with optical density measured at 630 nm before and after a 72- hour incubation period. Statistical analysis is performed using SPSS, with one-way ANOVA and supporting tests to compare the efficacy of ethanolic and water extracts. Results The mean lowest absorbance values post-incubation ofthe ethanol extract of neem leaves is 450 ppm, displaying better efficacy at a higher concentration. The statistical analysis exemplified that there is no significant difference between each concentration. The mean lowest absorbance values post-incubation of the water extract of neem leaves is 400 ppm. The statistical analysis exemplified that there is a significant difference in antifungal effect as compared to pre-incubation hours at 74-77 hour. This indicates that the water extract has a better inhibitory effect at later hours of incubation. Conclusion The results showed no significant differences between each concentration of the ethanol extract of neem leaves. The absorbance values signifying best inhibition are found at 450 pp. No significant differences are found from the results between each concentration of the water extract of neem leaves. The absorbance values signifying best inhibition are found at 400 ppm.
Key word: Neem leaf extract, Malassezia globosa, Phytochemicals, Antifungal


Latar belakang Malassezia globosa berperan penting dalam gangguan kulit seperti ketombe dan dermatitis seboroik dengan prevalensi tinggi. Penggunaan antijamur konvensional, seperti ketokonazol, dalam jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan efek samping serta berkurangnya efektivitas akibat resistensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai potensi antijamur ekstrak daun neem (Azadirachta indica) menggunakan pelarut etanol dan air terhadap Malassezia globosa. Metode Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. Ekstrak daun neem dibuat menggunakan metode maserasi dengan etanol dan sonikasi dengan air. Uji aktivitas antijamur dilakukan secara in vitro menggunakan metode broth microdilution pada plate 96-sumur, dengan ketokonazol sebagai kontrol positif. Ekstrak diuji pada berbagai konsentrasi (200–450 ppm). Pengukuran densitas optik dilakukan pada panjang gelombang 630 nm sebelum dan setelah inkubasi selama 72 jam. Analisis statistik dilakukan menggunakan SPSS dengan uji one-way ANOVA dan uji pendukung. Hasil Ekstrak etanol daun neem menunjukkan nilai rerata absorbansi terendah pascainkubasi pada konsentrasi 450 ppm, namun tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antar konsentrasi. Pada ekstrak air daun neem, nilai rerata absorbansi terendah ditemukan pada konsentrasi 400 ppm. Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna efek antijamur dibandingkan prainkubasi pada jam ke-74–77, yang menandakan efek penghambatan lebih baik pada waktu inkubasi yang lebih lama. Kesimpulan Ekstrak etanol daun neem tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antar konsentrasi, dengan penghambatan terbaik pada konsentrasi 450 ppm. Ekstrak air daun neem juga tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antar konsentrasi, dengan penghambatan terbaik pada konsentrasi 400 ppm.
Kata kunci: Ekstrak daun neem, Malassezia globosa, Fitokimia, Antijamur