Skripsi

Evaluasi Efek Sitotoksik Nanopartikel Kitosan Ekstrak Bunga Cengkih (Syzygium aromaticum) terhadap Sel Lestari Kanker Kolorektal HT-29 Melalui Uji MTT = Evaluation of The Cytotoxic Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Flower Extract on HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cell Line by MTT Assay.

Latar Belakang Kanker kolorektal merupakan salah satu jenis kanker dengan insidensi tertinggi. Namun, tata laksana kanker saat ini memiliki keterbatasan, seperti efek samping dan biaya yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan pengobatan alternatif. Eugenol, senyawa yang terkandung dalam bunga cengkih diketahui memiliki aktivitas antikanker. Akan tetapi, kelarutan dalam air yang rendah dapat mengakibatkan rendahnya bioavailabilitas ekstrak cengkih, sehingga dibutuhkan metode drug delivery dengan nanopartikel kitosan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aktivitas sitotoksik ekstrak bunga cengkih yang sudah terenkapsulasi dalam nanopartikel kitosan. Metode Nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak bunga cengkih disintesis dengan menggunakan metode gelasi ionik. Analisis fitokimia ekstrak bunga cengkih dilakukan dengan uji kromatografi lapis tipis. Karakteristik nanopartikel diidentifikasi melalui parameter zeta potensial dan ukuran melalui Partical Size Analyzer. Analisis efisiensi dilakukan dengan mengestimasi kandungan fenolik pada filtrat sintesis nanopartikel menggunakan metode FolinCiocalteu. Analisis aktivitas antikanker terhadap sel lestari kanker kolorektal melalui uji MTT. Hasil Ekstrak bunga cengkih teridentifikasi mengandung diosgenin, quercetin, asam ursolat, asam tanat, asam galat, dan eugenol. Nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak bunga cengkih memiliki ukuran partikel 506,93 nm dan zeta potensial -49,56 mV. Efisiensi enkapsulasi nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak bunga cengkih sebesar 67,03%, dengan loading capacity sebesar 49,59%. Nilai IC50 terhadap sel HT-29 secara berurutan, yaitu doxorubicin (1,677 µg/mL) > ekstrak bunga cengkih (186,993 µg/mL) > nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak bunga cengkih (264,571 µg/mL) > nanopartikel kitosan (336,17 µg/mL). Kesimpulan Nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak bunga cengkih dapat disentesis dengan metode gelasi ionik, dengan aktivitas antikanker lebih tinggi dari nanopartikel kitosan, tetapi lebih rendah dari ekstrak bunga cengkih bebas.
Kata Kunci: nanopartikel, kitosan, aktivitas antikanker, HT-29, kanker kolorektal, Syzygium aromaticum


Introduction Colorectal cancer is among the cancers with the highest incidence. Current cancer management still has limitations, such as significant side effects and high cost. Therefore, alternative therapies are needed. Eugenol, a compound present in clove flower extract, has been reported to possess anticancer activity. However, its low water solubility can lead to poor bioavailability, necessitating a drug delivery approach such as chitosan nanoparticle. This research is aimed to identify the cytotoxic characteristic of clove flower extract encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. Method Phytochemical analysis of the clove flower extract was performed by thin-layer chromatography. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with clove flower extract were synthesized using the ionic gelation method. Nanoparticle characterization was carried out by measuring zeta potential and particle size using a particle size analyzer. Encapsulation efficiency was determined by estimating the phenolic content in the synthesis filtrate using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Anticancer activity against HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line was evaluated using the MTT assay. Results The clove flower extract used was identified to contain diosgenin, quercetin, ursolic acid, tannic acid, gallic acid, and eugenol. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with clove flower extract were synthesized with a mean particle size of 506.93 nm and a zeta potential of - 49.56 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of the chitosan nanoparticles loaded with clove extract was 67.03%, with a loading capacity of 49.59%. The IC50 value against HT-29 cells was as follows: doxorubicin (1.677 µg/mL) > clove flower extract (186.993 µg/mL) > chitosan nanoparticles loaded with clove extract (264.571 µg/mL) > chitosan nanoparticles (336.17 µg/mL). Conclusion Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with clove flower extract can be synthesized via the ionic gelation method. These loaded nanoparticles exhibit greater anticancer activity than unloaded chitosan nanoparticles, but lower activity than the clove flower extract.
Keywords: nanoparticle, chitosan, anticancer activity, HT-29, colorectal cancer, Syzygium aromaticum