Skripsi

Karakteristik Pasien Anak dengan Palsi Serebral di RS Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta = Characteristics of Pediatric Patients with Cerebral Palsy at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta.

Latar Belakang: Palsi serebral (PS) merupakan gangguan saraf non-progresif tersering pada anak, ditandai keterbatasan gerak, postur, dan koordinasi, serta sering disertai gangguan kognitif, sensori, dan komplikasi lain. Faktor risiko dapat muncul sejak prenatal, perinatal, hingga postnatal. Data mengenai karakteristik pasien PS di Indonesia, khususnya di rumah sakit rujukan nasional, masih terbatas. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran karakteristik pasien anak dengan palsi serebral di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) berdasarkan faktor demografi, faktor risiko, status gizi, domisili, rujukan, serta derajat fungsi motorik menggunakan GMFCS, serta menghitung prevalensinya. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif dengan data sekunder rekam medis elektronik pasien anak usia 0–18 tahun dengan diagnosis palsi serebral di Poli Neurologi Anak RSCM. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif terhadap 117 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, dan data prevalensi dihitung dari 1.564 pasien anak rawat jalan. Hasil: Sebagian besar pasien berjenis kelamin laki-laki (61,5%) dan berusia 3–8 tahun (63,2%). Status gizi mayoritas baik (59%), tetapi 37,6% mengalami gizi kurang/buruk. Faktor risiko yang paling sering ditemukan adalah kelahiran prematur (perinatal), sepsis (postnatal), dan infeksi intrauterin (prenatal). Mayoritas pasien berasal dari luar Jakarta (45,3%) dan merupakan rujukan (72,6%). Derajat keparahan paling banyak pada GMFCS level V (56,4%). Prevalensi PS di RSCM pada 2019–2024 adalah 1.564 kasus, dengan dominasi usia prasekolah hingga sekolah dasar. Kesimpulan: Pasien palsi serebral di RSCM didominasi anak laki-laki usia 3–8 tahun dengan status gizi bervariasi, mayoritas kasus rujukan dan kompleks, serta faktor risiko perinatal dan postnatal cukup besar perannya. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya pencegahan primer, deteksi dini, serta pemerataan layanan rehabilitasi palsi serebral di Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: Palsi serebral, faktor risiko, status gizi, GMFCS, RSCM


Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common non-progressive neurological disorder in children, characterized by limitations in movement, posture, and coordination, often accompanied by cognitive, sensory, and other comorbidities. Risk factors can arise during the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods. Data on the characteristics of CP patients in Indonesia, particularly in national referral hospitals, remain limited. Objective: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric cerebral palsy patients at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital (RSCM), including risk factors, nutritional status, domicile, referral status, and gross motor function classification (GMFCS), as well as to estimate prevalence. Methods: A descriptive study using secondary data from electronic medical records of pediatric CP patients aged 0–18 years treated at the Pediatric Neurology Clinic of RSCM. A total of 117 patients meeting inclusion criteria were analyzed descriptively, and prevalence was calculated from 1,564 outpatient pediatric cases. Results: Most patients were male (61.5%) and aged 3–8 years (63.2%). The majority had good nutritional status (59%), although 37.6% were undernourished. The most frequent risk factors were prematurity (perinatal), sepsis (postnatal), and intrauterine infection (prenatal). Nearly half of patients were from outside Jakarta (45.3%) and most were referrals (72.6%). Severe motor impairment predominated, with GMFCS level V accounting for 56.4%. The prevalence of CP at RSCM from 2019–2024 was 1,564 cases, peaking in preschool to school-age children. Conclusion: Cerebral palsy patients at RSCM are predominantly male, aged 3–8 years, with varied nutritional status, and mostly represent complex referral cases. Perinatal and postnatal factors play a major role. These findings highlight the need for primary prevention, early detection, and equitable rehabilitation services for CP across Indonesia.
Keywords: Cerebral palsy, risk factors, nutritional status, GMFCS, RSCM