Skripsi

Cell line study of clove leaves extract as a cytotoxic agent towards breast MCF-7 and HeLa cervical cancer cells = Potensi ekstrak daun cengkeh sebagai agen sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 dan sel kanker serviks HeLa.

Introduction Breast and cervical cancer are among the most prevalent cancer cases among women globally. Standard treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy are often costly and invasive, leading many patients to seek complementary alternatives, including herbal medicine. Clove (Syzigium aromaticum) is a widely known medicinal herbs in Indonesia which has demonstrated cytotoxic activity to HepG2 hepatocellular and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. Accordingly, the author found the urgency to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of clove leaf extracts to breast MCF-7 and HeLa cervical cancer cells. Method This study is an experimental in vitro study using breast MCF-7 and HeLa cervical cancer cells. Beforehand, clove leaves were extracted with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. It was followed by phytochemical and cytotoxic activity analysis using MTT assay. Result Phytochemical analysis revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins, and phenolic in clove leaf extracts. Total phenolic content was highest in ethanol (778.98 mg GAE/g) and ethyl acetate (782.48 mg GAE/g) extracts, but lowest in hexane (117.91 mg GAE/g). From the MTT assay, hexane extracts of clove leaves showed highest cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells (IC₅₀= 114.48 μg/mL) compared to ethanol (IC₅₀= 212.05 μg/mL) and ethyl acetate (IC₅₀= 498.77 μg/mL) extracts. For HeLa cells, hexane exhibited moderate cytotoxicity (IC₅₀= 96.48 μg/mL), whereas ethanol (IC₅₀= 158.19 μg/mL) and ethyl acetate (IC₅₀= 246.73 μg/mL) were weakly cytotoxic. Conclusion Clove leaf hexane extract demonstrated highest cytotoxic activity against breast MCF-7 and HeLa cervical cancer cells compared to ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, supporting their potential to be anticancer medicinal plant.
Keywords: Syzigium aromaticum, breast MCF-7 cancer cells, HeLa cervical cancer cells, phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity


Pendahuluan Kanker payudara dan kanker serviks merupakan dua jenis kanker yang paling sering dialami perempuan di seluruh dunia. Terapi standar seperti pembedahan, radioterapi, dan terapi sistemik sering kali mahal serta invasif, sehingga banyak pasien memilih terapi komplementer, termasuk penggunaan obat herbal. Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum), salah satu tanaman obat yang banyak digunakan di Indonesia, telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker hati HepG2 dan sel kanker kolorektal HT-29. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas sitotoksik ekstrak daun cengkeh terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 dan sel kanker serviks HeLa. Metode Studi berupa penelitian eksperimental in vitro dilakukan menggunakan sel kanker payudara MCF-7 dan sel kanker serviks HeLa. Daun cengkeh diekstraksi dengan pelarut etanol, etil asetat, dan heksana. Selanjutnya, dilakukan uji fitokimia dan uji sitotoksisitas menggunakan metode MTT assay. Hasil Analisis fitokimia menunjukkan keberadaan alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, steroid, saponin, dan fenolik pada ekstrak daun cengkeh. Kandungan fenolik total tertinggi terdapat pada ekstrak etanol (778.98 mg GAE/g) dan etil asetat (782.48 mg GAE/g), sedangkan heksana paling rendah. Berdasarkan uji MTT, ekstrak heksana daun cengkeh menunjukkan aktivitas sitotoksik tertinggi terhadap sel MCF-7 (IC₅₀= 114.48 μg/mL) dibandingkan dengan ekstrak etanol (IC₅₀= 212.05 μg/mL) dan etil asetat (IC₅₀ = 498.77 μg/mL). Pada sel HeLa, ekstrak heksana menunjukkan sitotoksisitas sedang (IC₅₀= 96.48 μg/mL), sedangkan ekstrak etanol (IC₅₀= 158.19 μg/mL) dan etil asetat (IC₅₀= 246.73 μg/mL) tergolong sitotoksisitas lemah. Kesimpulan Ekstrak heksana daun cengkeh menunjukkan aktivitas sitotoksik paling kuat terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 dan sel kanker serviks HeLa dibandingkan dengan ekstrak etanol dan etil asetat, sehingga mendukung potensinya sebagai agen antikanker.
Kata Kunci: Syzigium aromaticum, sel kanker payudara MCF-7, sel kanker serviks HeLa, analisis fitokimia, sitotoksisitas