Tesis

Faktor-faktor yang Berkaitan dengan Burnout pada Orang Tua dengan Anak Retardasi Mental = Understanding Parental Burnout in Parents of Children with Mental Retardation: A Study of Contributing Factors and Correlations.

Latar Belakang: Orang tua anak dengan disabilitas intelektual rentan mengalami burnout, yang merupakan kondisi kelelahan emosional secara kronis akibat perannya sebagai pelaku rawat. Kondisi ini sering kali kurang dikenali, meskipun memiliki dampak psikologis dan interpersonal yang bermakna. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan burnout pada orang tua anak dengan retardasi mental, yaitu hasil full scale IQ anak, strategi koping yang digunakan, dan dukungan sosial yang didapatkan orang tua; serta masing-masing korelasinya terhadap setiap subskala burnout orang tua dengan anak retardasi mental. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan pada 86 orang tua dengan anak usia 7–17 tahun yang mengalami retardasi mental ringan-sedang di Poli Jiwa Anak dan Remaja RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Burnout pada orang tua diukur menggunakan Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) yang melihat empat dimensi: kelelahan emosional, kontras dengan figur orang tua sebelumnya, perasaan jenuh, dan menjauh secara emosional dari anak. Strategi koping dievaluasi menggunakan Brief COPE, yang mengklasifikasikan respons ke dalam tiga jenis: koping terfokus pada masalah, emosi, dan penghindaran. Dukungan sosial diukur melalui aspek kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan Social Support Questionnaire Sarason-6. Hasil: Sebanyak 72,1% responden mengalami parental burnout, dengan kelelahan emosional menjadi domain yang paling dominan. Terdapat korelasi negatif yang signifikan antara burnout orang tua dengan IQ anak (r = -0,684, p < 0,001), dukungan sosial kuantitatif (r = -0,938, p < 0,001), dan dukungan sosial kualitatif (r = -0,917, p < 0,001). Penggunaan problem-focused yang lebih tinggi berhubungan dengan tingkat burnout pada orang tua dengan anak retardasi mental yang lebih rendah (r = -0,705, p < 0,001), sedangkan koping emosional dan penghindaran berhubungan sebaliknya terhadap burnout pada orang tua dengan anak retardasi mental. Pada analisis regresi multivariat dengan estimasi robust, IQ anak (B = -0,166, p = 0,036), dukungan sosial kuantitatif (B = -1,017, p < 0,001), dan dukungan sosial kualitatif (B = -0,694, p = 0,006) merupakan prediktor signifikan burnout pada orang tua dengan anak retardasi mental. Model ini menjelaskan 90,9% variabilitas burnout (R² = 0,909). Kesimpulan: IQ anak yang lebih tinggi serta dukungan sosial yang diterima orang tua secara signifikan menurunkan risiko burnout pada orang tua dengan anak retardasi mental. Meskipun strategi koping tidak signifikan secara statistik dalam model multivariat, strategi koping yang adaptif dan berfokus pada masalah, peningkatan sistem dukungan sosial, dan peningkatan resiliensi dapat memberikan manfaat.
Kata Kunci: burnout orang tua, retardasi mental, mekanisme koping, dukungan sosial


Background: Parents of children with intellectual disabilities are highly vulnerable to parental burnout, a chronic state of emotional exhaustion specific to the parenting role. The condition is often underrecognized, despite its serious psychological and interpersonal consequences. This study explores key contributing factors and their correlations to parental burnout, including the child’s intellectual functioning, social support, and coping mechanisms. Objective: This study aimed to examine factors associated with parental burnout— including the child's IQ, social support received by parents, and coping strategies—and to explore how different types of coping mechanisms relate to burnout levels, as measured by the Indonesian version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 86 parents of children aged 7–17 years diagnosed with mild to moderate intellectual disability, recruited from the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital. The Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) measuring four dimensions (emotional exhaustion, contrast with previous parental self, feelings of being fed up, and emotional distancing) was used to quantify burnout. Coping strategies were assessed using the Indonesian version of the Brief COPE inventory, which categorizes responses into problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidance-oriented coping. Social support was measured through both quantitative and qualitative aspects using the Social Support Questionnaire. Results: Parental burnout was reported by 72.1% of participants, with emotional exhaustion being the most prevalent domain. Significant negative correlations were found between parental burnout and child’s full scale IQ (r = -0.684, p < 0.001), quantitative social support (r = -0.938, p < 0.001), and qualitative social support (r = -0.917, p < 0.001). Among coping mechanisms, problem-focused coping had the strongest inverse correlation with burnout (r = -0.705, p < 0.001), whereas avoidance coping showed a positive correlation (r = 0.412, p < 0.001). Higher use of problem-focused coping was linked to lower levels of burnout, whereas emotion-focused and avoidant coping were positively associated with parental burnout. In multivariate regression with robust estimation, child’s full scale IQ (B = -0.166, p = 0.036), quantitative social support (B = -1.017, p < 0.001), and qualitative social support (B = -0.694, p = 0.006) were significant predictors of parental burnout. The model explained 90.9% of the variance in parental burnout (R² = 0.909). Conclusion: Higher child's IQ and social support received by parents significantly reduce the risk of parental burnout. Although coping strategies did not remain statistically significant in the multivariate model, the pattern of results suggests that promoting adaptive, problem-focused coping may be beneficial. Interventions targeting parental well-being should incorporate psychosocial support systems and resilience-building programs.
Keywords: parental burnout, mental retardation, coping mechanisms, social support