Skripsi

Aktivitas Antihiperlipidemia dan Antiaterosklerosis Ekstrak Buah Pare (Momordica Charantia Linn) Terhadap Tikus Sprague-Dawley yang Diberi Pakan Tinggi Lemak Tinggi Kolesterol = Antihyperlipidemic and Antiatherosclerotic Activity Of Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia Linn) Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed With High-Fat And High-Cholesterol Diet.

Latar Belakang Penyakit kardiovaskular, terutama penyakit jantung koroner, adalah salah satu penyebab utama kematian global. Dislipidemia merupakan faktor risiko utama yang memicu pembentukan plak aterosklerosis yang dapat menyebabkan komplikasi serius seperti trombus, embolus, dan hipertensi. Modifikasi nutrisi, termasuk penggunaan nutrasetikal seperti ekstrak buah pare, telah terbukti efektif dalam mengelola tekanan darah dan kadar lipid serta berpotensi mencegah aterosklerosis. Meskipun beberapa penelitian menunjukkan potensi kardioprotektif buah pare, diperlukan analisis lebih lanjut, terutama melalui pengamatan histopatologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek ekstrak buah pare terhadap kadar kolesterol total dan melalui pengamatan histopatologi pada tikus Sprague-Dawley. Metode Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental in-vivo dengan melibatkan 25 tikus jantan Sprague-Dawley yang dibagi acak menjadi 5 kelompok: kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, serta tiga kelompok dengan dosis ekstrak buah pare berbeda. Semua tikus diberi pakan tinggi lemak tinggi kolesterol selama 75 hari. Kelompok kontrol positif diberi simvastatin dosis 0,9 mg/kgBB, sementara kelompok dosis 1, 2, dan 3 diberi ekstrak buah pare dengan dosis 50 mg/kgBB, 100 mg/kgBB, dan 200 mg/kgBB. Setelah 3 pekan, darah tikus diambil untuk mengukur kadar kolesterol, dan organ aorta diambil untuk pembuatan preparat histopatologi. Preparat tersebut dinilai pada perbesaran 1 0x100 dengan 5 lapang pandang per tikus. Kadar kolesterol total dianalisis dan jumlah sel busa dihitung serta dibandingkan antarkelompok. Data dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS 27.0 dengan p < 0,05 dianggap bermakna. Hasil Data kadar kolesterol total sampel terdistribusi normal, tetapi tidak homogen. Hasil uji Anova kolesterol total menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antarkelompok (p=0,359). Data jumlah sel busa ada yang terdistribusi normal dan tidak normal sehingga tidak memenuhi kriteria uji parametrik. Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis jumlah sel busa menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antarkelompok (p = 0,241). Kesimpulan Pemberian ekstrak buah pare (Momordica charantia L.) tidak signifikan menurunkan kadar kolesterol total dan jumlah sel busa pada tikus Sprague dawley yang diberikan pakan tinggi lemak tinggi kolesterol.
Kata Kunci: aterosklerosis, buah pare, kardiovaskular, kolesterol, histopatologi


Introduction Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease, are the leading cause of death globally. Dyslipidemia is the major risk factors that trigger the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which can lead to serious complications such as thrombosis, embolism, and hypertension. Nutritional modifications, including the use of nutraceuticals like bitter melon extract, have proven effective in managing blood pressure and lipid levels and may potentially prevent atherosclerosis. Although some studies have shown the cardioprotective potential of bitter melon, further analysis, especially through histopathological observation, is required. This study aims to evaluate the effects of bitter melon extract on total cholesterol levels and through histopathological observation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Method This research is an in-vivo experimental study involving 25 male Sprague-Dawley rats, randomly divided into 5 groups: negative control, positive control, and three groups with different doses of bitter melon extract. All rats were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 3 months. The positive control group was given simvastatin at a dose of0,9 mg/kgBW, while the three other groups were given bitter melon extract at doses of 50 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW, and 200 mg/kgBW. After 3 weeks, blood samples were taken from the rats to measure cholesterol levels, and the aorta was taken for histopathological preparation. The preparations were assessed at 1 0x100 magnification with 5 fields of view per rat. Total cholesterol levels were analyzed, and the number of foam cells was counted and compared between groups. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test through SPSS 27.0, with p < 0.05 considered as significant. Results The total cholesterol data were normally distributed but not homogeneous. The Anova test results for total cholesterol showed no significant differences between groups (p = 0.359). The data on foam cell count were partially normally distributed and partially not, thus not eligible for parametric tests. The Kruskal-Wallis test results for foam cell count showed no significant differences between groups (p = 0.241). Conclusion The administration of bitter melon extract (Momordica charantia L.) did not significantly reduce total cholesterol levels or the number of foam cells in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with high-fat, high-cholesterol diet.
Keywords: atherosclerosis, bitter melon, cardiovascular, cholesterol, histopathology