Skripsi

Pengaruh Eugenol dan Piperin terhadap Mortalitas, Aktivitas Enzim Detoksifikasi, dan Kelainan Histopatologi Midgut dari Larva Aedes aegypti L = Effects of Eugenol and Piperine on Aedes aegypti L (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae Mortality, Detoxification Enzymes Activity, and Midgut Histopathological Changes.

Latar belakang: Minyak esensi (essential oil) dari tanaman telah terbukti dapat membunuh larva nyamuk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas larvisida dari eugenol dan piperin (essential oil) terhadap larva Aedes aegypti serta mekanismenya yang meliputi detoksifikasi enzim dan perubahan histopatologi sel midgut. Metode: Larva Ae. aegypti instar III- IV dipaparkan terhadap eugenol dan piperin dengan konsentrasi 1, 5, 10, dan 30 ppm. Bioassay larva ini mengikuti protokol WHO (World Health Organization) dan dilakukan selama 72 jam dengan ulangan 5 kali. Larva yang mati diperiksa untuk kelainan histologi midgut dengan metode pemeriksaan histopatologi rutin pewarnaan HE (hematoxylin eosin). Evaluasi aktivitas enzim detoksifikasi yaitu asetilkolinesterase (AChE), glutation s-transferase (GST), dan oksidase dilakukan mengikuti protokol CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna angka mortalitas larva Ae. aegypti yang terpapar piperin dan eugenol (p < 0.05). Piperin memperlihatkan aktivitas larvisida yang lebih baik dibandingkan eugenol dengan nilai LC50 dan LC90 untuk piperin sebesar 3,401 ppm dan 18,87 ppm; sedangkan eugenol sebesar 5,533 ppm dan 39,3 ppm. Piperin dan eugenol terbukti menghambat aktivitas AChE dan oksidase (p < 0.05), sedangkan pengaruhnya terhadap GST tidak signifikan (p > 0.05). Piperin dan eugenol mengakibatkan kerusakan masif pada sel midgut larva meliputi kelainan food bolus (keretakan), peritrofik membran (kerusakan), lapisan epitel (bentuk tidak teratur dan putus-putus), sel epitel ( sel membesar dan mengecil) dan mikrovili (bentuk tidak teratur). Kesimpulan: Piperin memperlihatkan aktivitas larvisida yang lebih baik dari eugenol. Mekanisme larvisida melalui hambatan aktivitas AChE dan oksidase serta kerusakan struktur histopatologi midgut.
Kata kunci: Aedes aegypti, piperin, midgut, eugenol, detoksifikasi enzim



Introduction: Essential oils from plants have been proven to kill mosquito larvae. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the larvicidal properties of essential oils piperine and eugenol against Aedes aegypti larvae, along with its mechanism of action in influencing detoxification enzymes and histopathological changes. Method: Third and fourth instar Ae. aegypti larvaes were exposed to eugenol and piperine with the concentration of 1, 5, 10, and 30 ppm. This bioassay was conducted according to the WHO (World Health Organization) protocol for 72 hours with 5 replications. The dead larvae was examined for midgut histology abnormalities with routine histopathology examination of H&E (hematoxylin eosine) staining. Evaluation for detoxification enzymes activity: acetylcholineesterase (AChE), glutathione s-transferase (GST), and oxidase was conducted according to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) protocol. Result: There was significant difference of mortality in Ae. aegypti larvae exposed to piperine and eugenol. Piperine exhibited better larvicidal activity compared to eugenol with LC50 and LC90 values for piperine of 3,401 ppm and 18,87 ppm; while eugenol's values were 5,533 ppm and 39,3 ppm. Piperine and eugenol were proven to inhibit AChE and oxidase activity (p < 0.05), while their effects on GST are not significant (p > 0.05). Piperine and eugenol caused massive destruction to larvae midgut cells including broken food bolus, disconnected peritrophic membrane, discontinuity of the epithelium layer, enlargement or shrinking of epithelium cell size, and irregular microvilli shape. Conclusion: Piperin exhibits better larvicidal activity compared to eugenol. Mechanism of larvicidal action include inhibition of AChE and oxidase, and through damaging the midgut's histopathological structures.
Keywords: Aedes aegypti, piperine, midgut, eugenol, enzyme detoxification