Tesis

Hubungan Jenis Aktivitas Kerja dengan Kadar Merkuri Urin pada Pekerja Pertambangan Emas Skala Kecil (PESK) di Dua Provinsi di Indonesia = Job Task and Its Relation with Mercury Urine Level among Worker of Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Two Provinces in Indonesia .

Pendahuluan: Pertambangan Emas Skala Kecil (PESK) saat ini merupakan isu global yang kompleks karena penggunaan merkuri elemental dalam proses kerjanya. Aktifitas kerja yang umumnya dilakukan pada PESK adalah penambang (miner), penggelondong (mineral processor) dan pengecor (smelter). Pengecor termasuk dalam kategori pekerja dengan aktivitas kerja risiko tinggi karena melakukan pemanasan amalgam yang mengandung merkuri elemental. Pajanan merkuri elemental menempatkan pekerja dalam risiko gangguan kesehatan yang serius. Ada 850 titik PESK di Indonesia yang tersebar di 32 provinsi, dengan jumlah pekerja yang tidak kurang dari 250.00 orang. Kadar merkuri urin dapat menjadi petunjuk seberapa besar seorang pekerja terpajan merkuri. Informasi terkait jenis aktivitas kerja yang paling berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kadar merkuri urin akan sangat berguna sebagai pedoman dalam melakukan tindakan pengendalian risiko. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang yang menganalisis hubungan antara jenis aktivitas kerja dengan kadar merkuri urin pekerja. Indeks Pajanan Biologi (IPB) merkuri ditetapkan 20 µg/gram kreatinin, sebagaimana ditetapkan Pemerintah melalui Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, berupa hasil pengisian kuisioner dan hasil pemeriksaan merkuri urin pekerja PESK di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat dan Banten. Hasil: Prevalensi pekerja yang memiliki kadar merkuri urin di atas IPB di dua provinsi di Indonesia adalah 35,5%. Hasil analisis bivariat yang signifikan secara statistik terdapat pada jenis aktivitas kerja penggelondong (p=0,037 RO:0,438 IK95%:0,1990,965), jenis aktivitas kerja penggelondong merangkap pengecor (p=0,023 RO:1,846 IK95%:1,087-3,135) dan jenis aktivitas kerja risiko tinggi (p=0,004 RO:2,622 IK95%:1,332-5,161). Pada analisis multivariat didapatkan hasil yang signifikan secara statistik pada aktifitas kerja risiko tinggi (p=0,003 ROsuaian:2,811 IK95%:1,4135,590). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara jenis aktivitas kerja kadar merkuri urin di atas IPB pada pekerja PESK di dua provinsi di Indonesia. Faktor yang paling berhubungan dengan kadar merkuri urin di atas IPB pada pekerja adalah jenis aktivitas kerja risiko tinggi.
Kata kunci: aktivitas kerja, kadar merkuri urin, PESK di Indonesia


Introduction: Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) today has become a global and complex issues, because of the use of elemental mercury in its working process. Generally, workers in ASGM divided into three type of tasks: miner, mineral processor and smelter. Smelter, however categorized as high risk type of task, regarding the exposure of mercury vapor resulted from heating the amalgam. Workers who exposed to mercury likely to have a serious health problem. There were 850 spots of ASGM in Indonesia, spread out in 32 provinces, with at least of 250.000 worker involved in the business. Urinary mercury level can be used as an indicator for the severity of mercury exposure in a worker. Informations regarding which job task related to the raising of urinary mercury level will be a valuable input to arrange a risk control. Method: A cross sectional design study to obtain the relationship between job task and urinary mercury level among ASGM worker. The job tasks was differentiated into two categories. The first category was workers who was doing one task only (single task worker), and workers who was doing more than one tasks (multitask worker). The second one was divided into high risk type of task (smelter), and low risk type of task (miner and mineral processor). This study was using secondary data from questionnaire and mercury urinary level of ASGM worker in the provinces of Nusa Tenggara Barat and Banten. Biological Exposure Index (BEI) of mercury was 20 µg/gram creatinin, referred to The Decree of Ministry of Manpower of Republik Indonesia No.5/2018, similar with the index issued by American Conference of Govermental Industril Hyginenists (ACGIH). Result: Prevalence of workers having urinary mercury level above BEI in two provinces in Indonesia was 35,5%. From bivariate analysis, there were three job tasks statistically significant. They were mineral processor (p=0,037 OR:0,438 CI95%:0,1990,965), mineral processor and smelter (p = 0,023 OR:1,846 CI95%:1,087-3,135) and high risk type of task (p=0,004 OR:2,622 CI95%:1,332-5,161). From multivariate analysis, there was one job task with statistically significant relationship,which was high risk type of task (p = 0,003 adjustedOR:2,811 CI95%:1,413-5,590). Conclusion: There was significant relationship between job task and mercury urinary level among worker in two provinces of Indonesia. The most related factor was high risk type of task.
Keywords: ASGM in Indonesia, job task, mercury urinary level